Introduction to the Hodh and the fertile lands near the banks of the Senegal and Niger rivers to the south, and from free and fruitful exchange with their inhabitants. The author reviewed the events of the resistance that faced the French occupation in the Hodh, such as the revolution of the people of Sidi Belkheir, sons of Abduka, and the events related to the uprising in 1906, which encompassed all the lands of the Bidhan, from Wadi Nun in the north, to the Senegal and Niger rivers to the south, and from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Niger colony in the east. The conclusion of the book was a study drawn from the early years of the French colonial experience, and the future of the population and the region, which was part of a large province called "Sahel and Hodh", and the necessity of reconsidering its administrative division, which was partially achieved by returning the larger part of the Hodh to Mauritania a quarter of a century later. The French colonialists divided West Africa after their conquest, on bases that served their interests, regardless of any other consideration, and sometimes resorted to scattering one people, by distributing them among several colonies, in order to break their backbone, after most of the population had declared armed jihad, then cultural jihad by adhering to the true religion and the Arabic language, intersecting with military culture, as they became French, and adhering to private educational institutions, headed by "Mahadhr". Since the population, Arabs and Blacks, carried the banner of both cultural and military resistance, they became victims of the most prominent of these policies, and a brotherly and neighboring people, no less attached to their religion and their authenticity, and we mean by them the Tuareg people, who were also victims of these fragmented policies, and were distributed among several countries. The artificial borders that the peoples of the region inherited after the departure of colonialism in 1960 bear witness to this unjust division, and led to countless problems, and there is no way to solve them in the foreseeable future; The Hodh and Sahel regions, which were carved out of Mauritania and attached to Sudan (Mali), were re-divided in 1945, so the Hodh was returned to the motherland Mauritania, while the entire Sahel region remained part of (Sudan) Mali, with its bases in Nawara, Tero, and Gounb (Aknab) and Skolo (Kala), which were areas under the actual control of the Hodh tribes, along with centers mentioned by the author, of which only a small part remained for Mauritania, such as Basskinou and Fesal; and the existing ties to this day with that region, and the retention of its inhabitants of their language and civilizational belonging, are a testament to that shared past, and the ties of kinship and blood, despite the severance from the roots in Mauritania.