Eritrea: Eritrean literature is written in Arabic and Tigrinya, which are the two official languages of the country, in addition to literature written in English and Italian dating back to the colonial period. However, this is of less importance compared to literature written in Arabic. The Arabic language entered Eritrea with Arab immigrants before the advent of Islam, as no local language is devoid of Arabic words. The Sheikhs of the Sufi orders and the Quranic schools played a significant role in expanding the reach of the Arabic language in the country.

Literature in Eritrea first appeared orally, and only a few manuscripts remain from the ancient heritage concerning tribal history and lineage. Stories were tales and legends about the colonizers and invaders who passed through the region, passed down from generation to generation in local dialects. However, they were not written down, leading to multiple versions of the same story, often dominated by imagination.

Poetry also remained oral and was composed in local dialects, linked to the tribe, with the poet singing the praises of his tribe to other tribes. Poets also turned to praising the Prophet Muhammad, which they used to commemorate religious occasions. As for the oldest written poems in Arabic, they appeared in the mid-twentieth century with poets who dedicated their poetry to resisting British colonialism.

4 - West African Countries: West Africa is called the land of the Western Sudan. The West African countries consist of Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania, Guinea-Bissau, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Niger, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Liberia, Benin, Togo, and Nigeria, which is the largest of these countries in terms of area, population, and the number of Muslim writers.

The West African countries are located south of the Sahara Desert and are divided into two parts: the part