more deserving of kingship than the Mamluks, and their supporters gathered from all sides, reaching twelve thousand horsemen, while the number of the others exceeded counting. Sultan Aybak was able to bring the situation under control after defeating the Arab Tatars and capturing Hassan al-Din. Therefore, after their defeat, the Arabs found no other path than the one taken by their Arab brethren before them, heading south to the green land of Sudan, in the kingdom of Alwa, south of the kingdom of Makuria. This conflict continued for a long period until the end of the fifteenth century AD, the ninth century Hijri, which increased migration towards the south and the attempt to Islamize the land and spread Arab-Islamic culture.

As for the Arab migrations to Lower Nubia and the Christian kingdom of Makuria, they were governed by the texts of the Treaty of Al-Maqarr, which allowed Muslim Arabs to pass through without settling there. Nevertheless, some Arab tribes, clans, and groups from Qahtan, Rabia, and Quraysh, who had settled in Aswan, advanced south from Aswan to the northern region of the kingdom of Makuria, known as Mariss, where they bought lands from the locals and exploited them for their benefit. Consequently, the number of Arabs there increased, which is evidenced by the Arabs' success in supporting Kanz al-Dawla in taking power and their defiance of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt.

Similarly, from the early eighth century Hijri, the fourteenth century AD, the First Cataract was no longer a barrier that Arabs could not cross to the south. Many Arab groups in Egypt participated in the campaigns sent by the Mamluk sultans to Nubia over half a century. Some of these Arab groups preferred to remain in Nubia after the withdrawal of the Mamluk forces. Among these groups were Banu Bakr, Banu Amr, Banu Shayban, Banu Hilal, and many other Arab tribes. The infiltration of these Arab elements into Nubia was a direct cause of the widespread spread of Islam among its inhabitants.