The Crusaders in Palestine and the Christian Nubian state in Sudan. However, it is believed that the Nubians were aware of the conflict between the Muslims and the Crusaders, especially the attempt made by Arnold in the Red Sea. But their isolation in that narrow scope and the density of the Islamic presence in their land prevented them from contacting the Crusaders in the Levant. The encouragement of the governors of Aswan to the Arab tribal leaders migrating to the land of Nubia to migrate to that land led to an increase in these migrations and an increase in density in the Ayyubid era. Until it had far-reaching effects not only on Aswan but also on the region of Mariss, which since then became an Arab Islamic sphere of influence. Ibn Salim al-Aswani points out that the Arabs increased in their new migrations after the journey of al-Umri and his حملته to those regions, where his call for Arab Islamic expansion was accepted by many Arab tribes and Arab merchants who were moving in Aswan. Among those who came out to him was a man named Uthman ibn Junhala al-Tamimi with a thousand camels. Since then, the settlement of that region increased, as the Arabs quickly gained a high social status after forming a ruling aristocratic class to which the Nubians of Lower Nubia submitted, especially after most of them converted to Islam. However, the Ayyubid era witnessed, despite the elimination of the influence of the Kenz state, that Aswan remained a source of concern for the Ayyubids to a greater extent than in the eras preceding this period. The concern from the Nubian side witnessed a new dimension with Kenz opposing the Ayyubid state. Also, what intensified the tension in Aswan was the policy pursued by the Ayyubids to remove the Sudanese element from the army, which in turn led to the concentration of these groups of Sudanese in Nubia and Upper Egypt to avoid persecution. These Sudanese, from the time of the Banu Kenz state until after its fall, soon became a support for this state against the Ayyubids. 78