in the South, and also in extending Nubian raids and making way for Arab migrations. The occupation by Shams al-Din Turanshah of the fortress of Ibrim was clear evidence of the Ayyubid state's wise plan, considering the severity of the Nubians and their preference for peace.

Arab migrations to Nubia were continuous and uninterrupted; in fact, they increased during periods of tension between them and the rulers, especially when the latter showed their overt hostility towards the Arabs. The Ayyubids inherited the traditions of rule in Egypt, and the connection between the Arabs and the rulers remained as it was before, a period of isolation, almost cut off. This was because the wars, their hardships, and their hunger did not forgive the rulers of Egypt for their continued exclusion from power and the army. The Ayyubids, like many previous rulers of Egypt, relied on non-Arab elements, such as the Kurds, Daylam, and Turks, and rarely benefited from the Arabs. Consequently, the Arabs expressed their discontent whenever they felt a noticeable slackness and weakness in the state, and they revolted five times, all concentrated in Upper Egypt.

In addition to the Banu Kanz state, which was based in Aswan, they assisted Saladin in his war against the Sudanese soldiers. However, Saladin, for his part, accused the Banu Kanz of encouraging the Fatimid loyalists, meaning they cooperated spiritually with the Fatimids. More than that, Saladin worked to undermine the Banu Kanz by granting that region to one of his aides, Ibrahim al-Kurdi. This was a clear indication that the Banu Kanz state would no longer have control over that region. However, the Banu Kanz state revolted against him, attacked Saladin's governor with his army, and killed him. There was also a destructive movement in Cairo to restore the Fatimid state. It appears that the Banu Kanz state supported, backed, and even assisted it with money and men. However, Saladin's suppression of that movement enabled him to send his brother Shams al-Din Turanshah, and then later send his brother al-Adil with an army to Aswan. He defeated the Banu Kanz state and killed him, and the influence of the Kanz was broken after their defeat, forcing them to move their center.