among their kin, wherever they may be, having followed the spirit of Islam in conduct, action, and values. After their formation in Egypt, especially since some of them performed the Hajj pilgrimage during or at the end of their service, their Islam and conduct improved. They feared their kinsmen and compatriots replacing their settled life with the barren land of Nubia and being deported to Egypt, where the Nile Valley offered fertility. They were also deported to Cairo to undertake military and political affairs. Conversely, there was the migration of some permanent and significant individuals and groups from Egypt to change the governors and rulers. These individuals did not find safety, refuge, and security in the difficult land of Nubia, protected by mountains, where they settled and found solace among its people, and then merged into its local environment. If the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate and then the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate in Egypt witnessed the flight of many Umayyads and Abbasids, migrations undoubtedly continued after that during the Tulunids, Ikhshidids, and Fatimids. These refugees were from the elite of the people, princes, and rulers who constituted an important element in spreading Islam among the people of those lands. From then on, Arab migrations began to knock on the doors of Nubia, reaching central Sudan, and then spreading within it and moving south after the campaign of Al-Amri and the subsequent formation of the Emirate of Banu Rabi'ah. This is especially true since many Arab tribes were moving south of Upper Egypt towards Aswan, because the region of Aswan, the land of Nubia, and northern Sudan are lands that closely resemble the Arab lands in their climatic and natural conditions, unlike the environment of the Egyptian country, which is not suitable for the nature of the manual Arab. And there is no doubt that many Arab clans were attracted to the southern regions of Egypt in the first and second Hijri centuries, which drew them to move south, reaching the outskirts of Upper Egypt, and then penetrating the northern and central parts of Sudan. From then on, this Arab current increased its direction towards the south, and the conditions in Egypt and the Islamic world became discouraging. 65 (M - Islam and Arabism in Sudan)