It appears that Muslim Arab traders may have entered Nubia perhaps before the treaty was concluded. This treaty was not legislation for the future as much as it established a de facto reality. This is indicated by its provision for the preservation of Muslim mosques and their maintenance. This implies that Muslim traders were permitted to practice their religious rites in complete freedom.

These traders mingled with the people of the land and conversed with them. We must not forget that Muslim traders were usually among the best callers to Islam. Hence, the religious objective was one of the reasons for movement and expansion southward. Hence, the number of traders arriving in Nubia increased, and their commercial and religious activity grew as relations between Muslims developed and evolved. These relations developed and reached their peak in the fifth Hijri century, the eleventh Gregorian century. In addition to the widespread diffusion of Islam among the Nubians, Nubian traders who came from their country to Egypt witnessed manifestations of civilization and good treatment from Muslim traders. Hence, upon their return, they spoke about the civilized, cultural, religious, and architectural conditions of those lands and were influenced by the signs of civilization and progress they observed. Indeed, many of these traders returned to Nubia after they had embraced Islam in Egypt and became callers to the eternal religion among their people upon their return.

The Tulunid State and Relations with Sudan: When Ahmad ibn Tulun assumed power in Egypt, the era of the Tulunid State (254 AH – 292 AH / 868 AD – 905 AD) witnessed the Tulunid State organizing a military campaign to Nubia and al-Balja. This was because Egypt's need for slaves was pressing, and Egypt's demand for slaves intensified since governors began recruiting them into the Islamic Egyptian army after the Arab forces were dispensed with during the era of Caliph al-Mu'tasim, as the need for Nubian soldiers became urgent, and he appointed forty thousand of them into his army.