Ibn Abd al-Aziz, their opinion and that of their people was that they should be submissive to the Commander of the Faithful, and that the Beja should respect Islam, not assist anyone against Muslims, and not kill a Muslim, a dhimmi, or a slave in the land of Nubia or in Egypt or Nubia. They were to guarantee the lives of Muslims passing through their lands for trade or residence. If the Beja entered Upper Egypt, whether passing through or as traders, they were not to display weapons, enter cities and villages, or demolish mosques built by Muslims. The agents of the Commander of the Faithful were to enter the Beja lands to collect zakat from those Beja who had embraced Islam. This covenant makes it clear that Islam had made its way into the land of the Beja, just as it had into the land of Nubia before this covenant. This is because the presence of Muslims, whose zakat was collected by Muslim agents from those among them who had converted to Islam, is clear evidence of the widespread spread of Islam, whether they were Arabs who had settled there or Beja who had embraced Islam as a result of their interaction with Arabs. Muslim properties in the lands of Nubia and Beja increased during the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. The King of Nubia had sought the help of Caliph al-Ma'mun when he entered Egypt in the year 126 AH (831 AD) against these Muslims. He sent a delegation to Fustat, stating that people from his kingdom and his slaves had sold some of their lands to their neighbors in Aswan, and that these lands were his and the people were his slaves and had no property. Al-Ma'mun referred this complaint to the governor of Aswan to investigate it. The case was decided by confirming the sale due to the lack of confirmation of enslavement. Consequently, Muslims acquired the lands. Ibn Sulaym al-Aswani (970 AD) indicates that the area extending from Aswan to the Second Cataract was the region administered by Muslims, and they had properties there. Good relations continued between the kingdoms of Nubia and the Islamic state in Egypt, although from time to time there were incidents that caused tension and friction due to the Nubians' refusal to pay the prescribed tribute. This treaty was also modified during the reign of Caliph al-Mu'tasim, as the King of Nubia...