to break the peace previously concluded. Hence, this second raid did not completely destroy their dominion. Hence, this treaty was a truce or a non-aggression pact, in modern terms, which both parties adhered to, based on the exchange of mutual and commercial benefits between the Muslims and the Nubians. The fame of this covenant in Arabic sources is perhaps as "al-Buqt," which means a set of mutual obligations and the payments that follow. Hence, this final peace treaty concluded by Abdullah bin Abi Sarh was preceded by a form of agreement, not a peace treaty, because al-Sa'udi mentions that when Omar bin Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, conquered Egypt with Amr bin Al-Aas, the Nubian warfare wrote to him. So the Muslims raided them, and Amr bin Al-Aas refused to make peace with them until he was recalled from Egypt and Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Sarh was appointed as its governor. From this, it is clear that Amr bin Al-Aas did not make peace with Nubia, and that the one who made peace was Abdullah bin Abi Sarh. And he stipulated for them safety, meaning that Muslims would not fight them, and that the Nubians would enter Muslim lands as passers-by, not residents. And the Nubians were to protect any Muslims who stayed in their lands. This means that Islam had infiltrated those regions since the conquest of Egypt, and other clauses, including that the Nubians would protect the mosque built by the Muslims in Dongola, its church, its lamps, and its honor. This gives strong evidence that Islam had infiltrated throughout the ten years that passed from 21 AH to 31 AH (643 AD / 652 AD), as well as the protection of merchants and other Muslims who traveled through their lands. It may be mentioned that the kingdoms of Makuria and Alwa had stood in the way of the Arab Islamic conquest of Sudan, as these two kingdoms had organized the stubborn resistance encountered by the campaign of Uqba ibn Nafi' by Amr bin Al-Aas, and later by the campaign of Abdullah bin Abi Sarh.