including Islamic religious sciences, as well as the city of Korti, Berber, and other places. In addition to the role played by the Shayqiyya, the Ja'alin played a greater role than those cultural roles played by the Shayqiyya in the northern centers, where the influence of the Ja'alin became more widespread and far-reaching, making the city of Ad-Damer a cultural and civilizational center, and indeed the cultural Kaaba of the Ja'alin in Sudan. Burckhardt, in his book "Travels in Nubia and Sudan," spoke about the city of Ad-Damer, which was one of the places he visited and spoke about at length, referring to its scientific status and the respect people had for it and their seeking blessings by spending a period of time in those lands and the spread of their influence throughout Sudan. He described the city's mosques and spoke of its scientific importance, saying: In Ad-Damer, there is a large, well-built mosque with vaulted ceilings and a floor covered with clean sand, followed by travelers and strangers. This mosque has a courtyard surrounded by a number of kuttabs for teaching children Islamic sciences and memorizing the Holy Quran. The jurists also have small mosques near their homes. From here, this Arab Islamic culture emerged, flourished, and began to bear fruit during the era of the Funj dynasty in 1504 AD, the eighth Hijri century, as this period is considered one of the most important Islamic cultural periods in Sudan. Islamic sciences received great attention, as the people eagerly studied the sciences of the Holy Quran, jurisprudence, and its branches, such as inheritance, obligations, monotheism, and Sufism, which appeared in Sudan alongside these traditional sciences.