the point of commercial and civilizational exchange before Islam, where the Arabs of the South left their civilizational, cultural, and urban imprint on the African side. This is because it is historically known that the Arabs of Yemen migrated to Abyssinia and settled there, spreading their Arabic culture at a very distant time. In fact, the starting point in the history of Abyssinia was closely connected to the south of the Arabian Peninsula, as Semites flowed from there, sometimes as conquerors and sometimes as traders, to the impregnable mountains and vast plains of Abyssinia. Over time, they developed the civilization of Abyssinia, imprinting it with many features of their civilization. Their oldest written artifacts date back to the fourth century AD, although we believe the reason goes back many centuries before that. If this Arab influence reached the borders of Sudan as we know it now, did this influence stop at those borders, and was it limited to the Yemeni tribes? This is because it is difficult to imagine that this influence did not extend beyond Abyssinia or that Yemen alone was the source of these migrations. The inhabitants of the Hijaz in the early days of Islam knew Abyssinia very well. Also, the Red Sea narrows in our direction to the south until the continents almost meet. It is geologically known that the Bab al-Mandab region and its islands were closer between the two sides than they are at present. Therefore, the establishment of a relationship and connection between Yemen and Abyssinia is natural. Some researchers even mention that the word "Abyssinia" and from it "Ethiopians" originates from the Arab tribe of Hish, which was the strongest of the Arab tribes that migrated from southern Arabia between the tenth and seventh centuries BC and settled in Africa. By the fourth century AD, the name of this Arab tribe had become dominant in the region it settled in northern Abyssinia. Researchers have also differed among themselves regarding the volume of Arab migrations to Abyssinia and from there to eastern Sudan. They all agreed that there were Arab migrations that included numbers of traders who settled on the western shore of the Red Sea in the Abyssinian region, and over time their numbers increased.