A comparison between the movements.

These movements agree in that they arose as a result of challenging bad internal conditions or the European external enemy, and that they were carried out by individuals from the elite who faced these challenges and sought methods of reform, and that they were all Islamic movements in the sense that they derived their reformist ideas from Islam or at least found support in it and did not contradict it. Even the movement of reform and renewal carried out by the Sultans was given an Islamic character and justifications were sought from Islam, and similarly, the movement of Muhammad Ali did not try to reconcile religion, but rather tried to find support for itself in it. This is from the account of Muhammad Ali's grandson, Ismail, to Rifa'a, which we mentioned. As for the two movements, the Wahhabi and the Sanusi, they stemmed from Islam in their reformist lines. It is not surprising that all these movements agree in drawing from Islam and seeking its guidance, because the sons of the Islamic nation believed in the validity of their religion and saw the reason for their decline and backwardness as a deviation from its teachings. This is clearly evident in the official Kholkhana decree.

It is also not strange that these movements followed each other in the Islamic world, in addition to the existence of challenges, there is a call for reform among Muslims stemming from a religious origin, which is the Hadith of the Prophet (peace be upon him): "Indeed, Allah will send for this Ummah, at the head of every hundred years, someone who will renew its religion." Reformers throughout the periods of Islamic history have continuously worked.

However, these movements, despite their agreement on the aforementioned points, differ in the means they adopted to achieve reform and in the character that predominated each of them. This difference is natural and stems from the difference in the surrounding influences on each of them. The movement of reform and renewal focused its attention on military reform, then administrative reform, and the movement of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab turned to reforming the creed and fighting innovations, while the movement of Muhammad Ali focused on administrative reform. As for the Sanusi movement, it turned to reform by drawing