Introduction

From around 1650-1750, the Awlad Mubarak overcame them, as they were defeated towards the east, bordering the Awlad Dawud on both sides of the circles of Skulu, Kufia, and Al-Nawwara; this followed in successive layers, starting from the east towards the west (13). The degrees of Arab migrations to the Sahel and the Basin. After the Awlad Muhammad Ya Hamad were defeated at the hands of the Awlad Mubarak, they were forced to cede to them the Azawiya Al-Saheeqi, which belonged to the Azawiya and Al-Znaga, who used to pay them tribute. A similar fate awaited the Awlad Mubarak upon the arrival of the Awlad Al-Nasir at the beginning of the nineteenth century. They enjoyed undisputed control, starting from the borders of the Sahel and Mauritania, and expelled the Awlad Mubarak towards the east. They did not last half a century before they were in turn subdued at the hands of the Mashzouf. In the third book of Marmoul, we find a glorious page about the Arab migrations to the Basin and the Sahel, and we also find in it all the details about their miserable lives, their bravery in wars, their trade, their hunting expeditions, their literary and musical debates, their renewal of their ancestors' biography in the Arabian Peninsula, their love for glory and hospitality, as well as the true nature of their political prestige through the expulsion or subjugation of the Sanhaja tribes. This is Marmoul's text: "The life of the Arabs of Numidia and Libya is extremely miserable, as is the case for the sons of the land (i.e., Sanhaja). Nevertheless, they possess something nobler, for they are equal in wars. In addition to their trade in camels with the Zanj, they have a number of purebred horses; they practice hunting poems for "Al-Wadan" (14) and other wild animals that are abundant in these regions; they engage extensively in philosophy, rhetoric, and poetry, and they know prosody, describing in measured verses, as in Europe [!] their wars, their hunting expeditions, and their character, and they sing sweetly to the beat of the drum and the songs of the lute and lyre, and they practice a type of dance known in Portugal. Many of them engage in singing, which they sing collectively, and they are characterized by innate honesty and frankness, and they are jealous of their reputation, and this is not diminished by their extreme poverty; and since they are not stingy with what they give, when a stranger visits them, they host him as if to adorn themselves with him in a way; and their deserts were formerly the home of the Gete and the Numidians, but they expelled those peoples to the borders of Sudan, as if simple Muslims had taken over the land and invented its dull style, and their remaining people were defeated beside them." And Marmoul, in some of his writings, is less glorifying of them, and he issues criticisms that the Bidhan do not deserve, as he says, "The inhabitants of the (Sudanese Sahara) often resemble animals more than humans, and they have no inclination to leave these deserts to choose a better homeland for themselves. _ (13) - And also from north to south. (14) - Known in Mauritania as the "Mahr," it is a blond antelope, reddish in color, larger than a gazelle.