Tariq Ahmed Othman

'Uqba ibn Nafi' in stopping the Nubian harassments, which prompted 'Abdullah ibn Abi al-Sar

The Muslim army was able to penetrate into the land of Nubia, as we have indicated above. It advanced south to Dongola and besieged it severely, using the catapult.

Their church was destroyed, and their king was forced to seek peace with the Muslims, which was historically known as the Baqt (1).

Islamic and Arab influences gradually seeped in, paving the way for political, social, and religious developments in Nubia. Muslim traders penetrated deep into the land, and they were pioneers of the new Islamic conquest of these lands. Some of the tribes began to buy land in the Meris, which eventually led them to intermingle with the local population and thus the spread of Islam among the indigenous people (10).

The spread of Islam was followed by the decline and fall of the Nubian kingdoms. These sultanates, although their establishment did not immediately follow the spread of Islam in the Nile Valley, but rather came after a considerable period of successive migrations, represented a unique phenomenon and gave a clear and significant indication, and it was an important sign of the Islamic presence in this land. These sultanates expressed their identity and embodied it in multiple manifestations. They also contributed greatly to the religion, and they also promoted, albeit to a limited extent, religious knowledge. Among the most prominent kingdoms that preserved the Islamic components of the Sudanese people was the Blue Sultanate, or the Funj Sultanate.

Egyptian-Sudanese relations during the Funj era:

Historical sources mention that Sennar was established in 5 AH, following the arrival of the Qawasim from the Juheina Arabs, led by 'Abdullah Jamma', and the Funj in Sennar. (1) 'Imara Dongos The connection of this sultanate with Egypt became clear when it entered into a war with Abyssinia. to Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, its men, and its scholars. The first king, Badi', known for his strong ties with the scholars of Egypt (10).

At the beginning of the Funj rule, Islam was weak and even shaky in terms of religious Tariq 8