And the beginnings of British policy 71 Egypt, behind this, agreed to 13 million pounds, while the English force in Sudan was about a thousand men, and the expenditure on them did not exceed two million pounds. Egypt bore a very large financial expenditure for the sake of Sudan, as indicated by the accounting records. It bore these burdens despite its accumulated debts and despite its urgent need for funds to carry out public works, especially irrigation works that would transform flood irrigation into permanent irrigation. Two million feddans could have been reclaimed and are not now cultivated with half the funds that were agreed upon.

*** The natural and reasonable conclusion from all of the above is that Sudan must be considered an inseparable part of Egypt, and even the 1899 agreement itself does not contradict this. This agreement involves England with Egypt not in sovereignty over Sudan, but in administration. If the English flag remained flying over Sudan alongside the Egyptian flag, this was due to the interest in maintaining the Iraqi aspect that resulted from the implementation of the capitulations there, which prevented the progress of that country.

In fact, the 1899 agreement included the provision that "it has become necessary to choose a method of administration and laws for the said reconquered territories." It further stated, "And since it is apparent for many reasons that the Wadi Halfa and Suakin regions can be administered better if we include them in the reconquered territories." Indeed, Halfa and Suakin were incorporated into the reconquered territories so that all would support the system of governance decided by the agreement.

These Wadi Halfa and Suakin regions were never evacuated by Egyptian troops. Their inclusion in the reconquered territories proves that the agreement was only for administrative purposes and was not intended to remove Sudan from Egyptian sovereignty. To confirm this clarification of the 1899 agreement, we rely on the ruling of Lord Cromer, who