Egyptian Sudan 66 by maintaining Ottoman properties and specifically recognized in the 1882 Istanbul Agreement that it would not claim anything for itself. It issued the 1892 decree prohibiting Egypt from ceding any Egyptian land and also recognized that Sudanese properties were purely Egyptian properties. It explicitly stated this in its agreement with the Belgian Congo government (May 12, 1894) and used this argument against France in the Fashoda crisis of 1898. From these aspects as well, the 1899 agreement is invalid. Above all, this agreement usurped the rights acquired by the powers under its articles 60, 67, 5, and 11 because it prevented the application of the Mixed Courts' rulings to Sudan, which is Egyptian land, and prohibited the appointment of consuls without permission from England, as well as the rights of European merchants and properties. It is worth mentioning in this regard that when France occupied Tunisia and established its protectorate over it, it could not abolish the privileges except after negotiating with the powers and reaching an agreement with them. Similarly, the English claim of conquest is invalid because for 36 years, during the Mahdist and Khalifa revolutions, Sudan was not ownerless property, as Egypt did not relinquish its ownership. When the French made such a claim in the Fashoda crisis, England objected to their claim, and the French accepted the English argument. As for the claim of recovery by conquest, this would make it solely Egypt's, as Egypt is the sole owner and has the sole right to recover its property.