And the ambitions of British policy.

Thousands of Sudanese soldiers and a thousand Turkish Bashi-bazouks and Shaigiya because they did not receive their salaries. So Mr. Muhammad al-Mirghani, founder of the Mirghaniyya Tariqa, intervened and paid them their salaries, bringing them back to obedience. They then marched to Qazwin, which they had refused to do. When the order was issued for them to do so, Governor Ja'far Pasha punished the rebels severely. He was followed by Ja'far Pasha Mazhar (1866-1871). During his reign, Suakin (1866) and Massawa were annexed to Sudan (1866), and Ismail Pasha sent him to the Red Sea coasts. In '69, al-Bilali was sent to Bahr al-Ghazal to occupy it, and Sir Samuel Baker arrived from Egypt to take over the administration of the Equatorial region and to prevent the slave trade.

After the dismissal of Ja'far Pasha Mazhar in 1871, Mumtaz Pasha (1871-1873) was appointed, who was known for his tyranny. He introduced Egyptian cotton cultivation to Sudan, but he was excessive in demanding bribes. The Sudanese complained to Ismail Pasha, who ordered his arrest, investigation, and dismissal. After his dismissal, Ismail Pasha Ayyub (1873-1877) was appointed. His accomplishments included the removal of dams from the White Nile, allowing boats to navigate freely. He divided the country into provinces and made each governor responsible for his province. The Equatorial region and its successor, Furdon, were established at the request of the Crown Prince of England. During his governorship, Darfur was opened and annexed to Sudan by Zubayr Pasha. Ismail Pasha sent two scientific missions to study the situation in Darfur and sent a survey for a railway line from Massawa to Kassala. He occupied Suhit for this purpose and purchased Ailet from its owner because it was located in the midst of Egyptian properties between Hasim and Massawa. This angered King Yohanna of the Hejaz, who raised the matter with the powers, especially England. Ismail Pasha did not pay attention to him and turned his attention to Harar, an Islamic sultanate since the Islamic conquest. Its Sultan Ahmad was tyrannical towards the people, and he was succeeded by Muhammad. They requested a governor from Ismail Pasha, who agreed to their request and appointed a governor to Ber and Zeila, a port liberated from the Sublime Porte for 13,365 pounds per year (July 1875). In