The second passage - The Red Sea The sea did not represent an obstacle to communication between the Arabian Peninsula and the Nile Valley and the eastern region of the continent, as crossing any part of it was never difficult. The lands of Yemen and what followed it to the south and north were a source of numerous migrations that greatly influenced the Ethiopian Plateau, the upper reaches of the Blue Nile, Atbara, Eritrea, and the eastern coasts of Sudan. Semitic influences flowed from the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula more than from its center, due to the abundance of the population of Yemen and what followed it to the south and north in number.

Hence, the Red Sea played an important role in connecting the continents of Asia and Africa, because it was not a barrier between the two continents, but rather a constant link and a deep connection since humans existed on Earth. Human migrations emerged from the Arabian Peninsula, crossing that sea to Africa.

The Hijaz region had a strong connection with the opposite western African coasts before the advent of Islam. Hence, the Hijaz region was directly connected to the opposite African side. Therefore, the Red Sea was not a barrier preventing its Arab Asian shores from its African shores. It was not difficult to cross it with small ships.

The third passage - The Bab-el-Mandeb passage: This passage was and still is a source of human migration currents since ancient times, as the inhabitants of Southern Arabia spread along the eastern coasts of the African continent, then moved north and west, with Arab groups settling in the lands of Abyssinia and Sudan. Large numbers of them then dispersed westward. Therefore, the Bab-el-Mandeb route was one of the most important migration routes, as well as the most important 19