and different regions, but in the end, no matter what path they took, they were able to reach that location rich in grass and water where they found it pleasant to stay. * Here we will learn about some of the passages that Arab tribes took on their way to the Nile Valley. * The First Passage – The Isthmus of Suez and the Sinai Peninsula: This route has been a passage connecting the continent of Asia to Africa in all ages and long times, and it is indeed one of the most important passages through which Arab migrations to Africa passed, reaching Egypt and Sudan, and from there to the rest of the parts of the African continent, because Sinai was not a barrier between the Bedouin tribes spread in the north of the Arabian Peninsula. From here, Sinai was a passage between Southwest Asia and Africa, and it was one of three main routes from which Arab migrations came to Africa. * Sinai is geographically divided into four sections: the sandy northern coast that extends from Port Said to Palestine, which is bisected by a large plateau, except for the Bardawil salt marsh. Then comes the second, wider northern part which contains oval domes. This is followed by a large third zone that includes the Ajmah plateau and the Tih, which are limestone plateaus with little rain and grass. Meanwhile, the southern half of Sinai represents a mass of igneous mountains covered by deep valleys and ending in fault scarps to the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez, which made movement difficult despite the abundance of water and grass due to its elevation. * The migrations and campaigns that crossed Sinai to Egypt followed the region of the northern coast, because it was more abundant in rain. The sand dunes were also able to retain this rainwater, and their undulating nature facilitated access to a shallow depth. Hence the relative richness of the dune region in water, and most of this water is fresh as one moves east of Al-Arish towards Rafah. * 17 (M 2 – Islam and Arabism in Sudan)