And the ambitions of British policy.

31

Thousands of Sudanese soldiers and a thousand Turkish Bashi-bazouks and Shaigiya because they did not accept their salaries. So, Mr. Muhammad al-Marghani, founder of the Marghaniyya Tariqa, intervened in the matter. He paid them their salaries, and they returned to obedience and marched to the invasion they had refused to carry out when ordered to do so. Jaafar Pasha al-Hasa tried them and disciplined them very severely. He was followed by Jaafar Pasha Mazhar (1866-1871). During his reign, Suakin and Massawa were annexed to Sudan (1866), and Ismail Pasha sent him to the Red Sea coasts. In 1869, al-Bilali was sent to Bahr al-Ghazal to occupy it, and Sir Samuel Baker arrived from Egypt to take over the administration of the Equatorial region and prevent the slave trade. After the dismissal of Jaafar Pasha Mazhar in 1871, Mumtaz Pasha (1871-1873) was appointed. He introduced Egyptian cotton cultivation to Sudan, but he increased his demands for bribes. The Sudanese complained to Ismail Pasha, who ordered his arrest, investigation, and dismissal. After his dismissal, Ismail Pasha Ayoub (1873-1877) was appointed. The beginning of his work was the removal of dams from the White Nile, so that boats could navigate it. He divided the country into provinces and made each governor responsible for his province. During his reign, Baker returned from the Equatorial region and was succeeded by Gordon at the request of the Crown Prince of England. During his governorship, Darfur was opened and annexed to Sudan by Zubair Pasha. Ismail Pasha sent two scientific missions to study the situation in Darfur and sent a survey for a railway line from Massawa to Kassala and occupied Sbeit for this purpose. He purchased the Ailet region from its owner because it was located in the midst of Egyptian possessions between Hamasen and Massawa, which angered King Yohannes of Abyssinia, who raised the matter to the powers, especially England, but Ismail Pasha paid no attention to him. He turned his attention to Harar, which had been an Islamic sultanate since the Islamic conquest. Its Sultan Ahmad died, and his successor Muhammad usurped authority over the people. They asked Ismail Pasha for a governor, and he agreed to their request and purchased Berber and the district of Minay, which was freed from the Sublime Porte for 1335 pounds per year (July 1875). In