founded on connection with God and hidden revelation to their leaders. Among their most insightful figures were two great personalities who had a significant impact on Islam. The first was Al-Husayn ibn Mansur Al-Hallaj. He departed from the original [teachings] and was raised through companionship, accompanying Abu al-Qasim al-Junayd and others. He spoke of the unity of existence. Among the poetry attributed to him, in the style of the Sufis and their allusions: You sent to ask about me, how I was, and What I have suffered from worry and sorrow since you. I would not be, if I knew how I was, nor Would I be, if I knew how I was not.

He was of Magian origin. And words to that effect were uttered by him, which the jurists condemned. Al-Hallaj said, "My back is alive, and my blood is forbidden, and it is not permissible for you to take charge of me." The jurists drew up a report, which they signed, permitting his killing. It was presented to the Caliph Al-Muqtadir Billah, who approved it. Since the judges had issued a fatwa for his execution, he was to be handed over to the chief of police. He was to be ordered to be flogged a thousand lashes. If he died from the beating, then another thousand lashes were to be administered, and then his neck was to be struck. He said to the chief of police, "If he tells you: 'I will make the Euphrates and Tigris flow with gold and silver,' do not accept that from him."