This was influenced by their close contact and awareness of its progress, in addition to a sense of.

From all of this stemmed the reform movements that followed in the Ottoman state in the second half of the eighteenth century. They were brought about by three factors: First, a sense among members of the elite of the poor conditions in the Islamic world. Second, the challenge of the West to the Islamic world and its occupation of parts of it. Third, and this can be considered a supporting factor, is that contact with the West helped to reveal the reality of backwardness and highlight it before the eyes of the people of the Islamic nation. These movements can be classified into two types: First, the movements initiated by enlightened authorities for reform, and second, the movements initiated by reformist figures from the general populace.

Among the first reform movements was the movement of reform and renewal in the Ottoman state, which began during the reign of Sultan Mustafa III. We note that this movement focused only on military reform because it arose in the wake of the Ottoman state's defeats against the Russian armies equipped with modern and newly organized weapons. Its purpose was to stop these defeats. This movement did not gain importance until the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid, who spoke of comprehensive reform in the Imperial Edict. Then there was the Wahhabi movement, which arose at the hands of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, and its founder's motivation was a sense of the decline and backwardness of Muslims. Then, in the wake of the French invasion, Muhammad Ali Pasha's movement arose in Egypt, and its motivation was Muhammad Ali's desire to establish a strong state. Its founder was greatly influenced by what he saw of European progress. The Sanusi movement arose in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Its motivation was the founder Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi's sense of the backwardness and decline of Muslims and the challenge and danger posed by Europe to the Islamic world.