The authorities, by virtue of this solution, witnessed the story of the expedition with a tragedy that began with a tragedy.

And these are the most prominent events that took place in the state during the reign of the Sultan.

Stagnation indicates the decline that the state had reached, and that the attempts at reform did not stop it, even if they somewhat lessened its speed. In the East, a major revolution took place, behind which were a group of European powers, and in the Arabian Peninsula, the Wahhabis spread their doctrine. They clashed with the Sultan, who did not succeed in overcoming them and was forced the Sultan to seek the help of his governor in Egypt, Muhammad Ali. Then the state experienced a disturbing internal turmoil caused by Muhammad Ali, who was ambitious against the Sultan and succeeded in taking Syria and advancing as far as Damascus. This was an opportunity for the European powers to intervene. As for the external front, the state engaged in a war with Russia and lost a large part of its territory in its eastern part, where France invaded Algeria and did nothing but let the people of Algeria fight on their own until their resistance ended after years.

And Abd al-Hamid ascended the throne, in his nineteenth year, and the government was in a state of extreme turmoil due to the victory of Muhammad Ali's armies. What further worsened the state's affairs and occupied the minds was that the Commander-in-Chief of the Ottoman fleet, Ahmed Pasha, set out with all his ships and came to Alexandria, and Muhammad Ali was given the position of Grand Vizier because his rival, Khosrew Pasha, was given the position of Grand Vizier.

Abd al-Hamid attempted reforms sincerely and worked to reform the administrative systems and other important matters, in addition to the military systems. Shortly after his accession, he issued a decree

which was publicly read to a gathering of ministers and notables. This decree was known as the "Kull Khana" decree, and it revealed the state of the country and the attempts at reform. Here is part of it:

"See Ahmed Farid, p. 51.