4l It is therefore found that within the non-Dinka area of the Bahr el Ghazal Province, the following languages and dialects are used in schools: Zande, Bor (Bolanda), Luo (Jur), Ndogo, Kreish, and Banda. The Zande areas are compact, and the minor languages found within them are of no importance and should not be developed. In the Western District there is a great confusion of tongues, and none of the tribes are either large or important. The recommendation of the Committee is that in future the whole of the Bahr el Ghazal Province shall be served by two group languages, viz. Dinka and Zande, though this might not be applicable to Arabic speaking communities at Wau, and to the Western District. Bolanda and Ndogo: should follow Zande, while Jur (Luo) might come under Dinka.

As education is extended to tribes not yet touched, the question as to which of the two group languages is suitable will have to be considered separately in each case.

The Committee does not think that dialectical differences in Zande are ofimportance. At the same time confusion in spelling might result if each Society interested in Zande were to work independently of the others, and the Committee recommends that the different bodies. concerned should consult together for the purpose of arriving at a uniform literary language. ; (3) The Committee fully discussed the question of orthography, and under the guidance of Professor Westermann adopted for submission to the Conference the Zande alphabet shown in appendix “A”. It is satisfactory to note that a number of diacritical marks. used in some Zande publications were found to be unnecessary, and that the alphabet presented does not in any particular deviate from the principles expressed in Memorandum I of the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures.

APPENDIX “A”.

Zande Alphabet. Vowels.

a, e, i, 0, u, to have their Italian values. All vowels may be nasalized by the use of the sign ~ over the vowel. Where ambiguity might occur 6 may be used for the central vowel corresponding to the second vowel of the English “‘ father”’, e.g. in Zande dunduko.

Open and closed vowels do not need differentiation so far as had been found. Should the necessity arise, the system in Memorandum I to be followed.

Consonants.

b, d, j, h, k, m, n, p,r, 8, t, v, w, Z, shall have their English values. g shall have its hard value as in “ get”. y shall have its consonantal value as in “ yet ”’. The velar , which occurs only before g, shall be written ng. Notes.—The r sound often approximates to 1. s and z are palatalized before 2.