1. 2. XIII. AND THE LIBYAN ELEMENT 19

By the time of Thothmes III the northern Sudan was adminis-

tered by two sub-governors, one for Kush (the south) and one for Wawat (the north). Mines were worked by the Government, taxes were collected, and considerable trade was developed with the out-

districts. In fact, from 1548 B.C. to about 1090, for some 558 years

that is,

Ethiopia was governed by Egyptian officials and paid tribute to Egypt. . .

.

The Egyptians followed up their military and political occupation by filling

the land with Egyptians,—soldiers, officials, priests, merchants, and crafts- men. Southwards of Phile, temples were made, decorated, and maintained

at Kalabsha, Gerf Husein, Kubban, Es-Sebua, Amada, Derr, Ibrim, Abu Simbel, Haifa (Buhen), Semneh, Soleb, Delgo (Sesi), Kawa, Gebel Barkal, and other places. Each of these was a centre of propaganda, a community

of scribes learned in Egyptian medicine, law, and religion, and of artizans

trained in every ancient craft The better agricultural areas at least as

far south as Semneh were assigned to the support of the temples and turned over to immigrants from Egypt and their descendants for cultivation The viceroy himself with his personal staff probably shifted his quarters from el-Kab or Elephantine to Semneh or Napata as the season or the

necessities of the administration made it seem advisable Most of the Egyptians were permanently domiciled in the country and had brought

their families with them. The decimated tribes grew into a completely submissive population, were racially affected by intermarriage with the

ruling class, and became more or less Egyptianized. The country, as a whole, was thoroughly Egyptianized, especially in religion. The names of the local gods were remembered, and all the gods of the Egyptian pantheon were called upon in their special functions, but the great god was Amon- Ra, the god of the Theban family who had conquered so much of the

world....He dwelt in the midst of the "Holy Mount" which we now

call Gebel Barkal, and in the days to come his oracles were to decide the

fates of even the kings of Ethiopia.

Now there are no pictorial representations of Nubians dating from any dynasty earlier than the eighteenth, but it has been sug-

gested as curious^ that from then until the time of the twentieth dynasty—at a time, that is, when we know the Middle Nubian popu-

lation to have been physically similar to that of the present day

the Nubians who were conquered by the great kings of the New Empire, and who were probably the same people as those whose boundaries Senusert (Sesostris) III some three centuries before had

fixed at Semna, are habitually represented as "full-blooded Negroes with coarse negro features." This, however, would appear to be

perfectly natural. The negroes living south of the second cataract and in the country beyond used to raid periodically to the north of

^ Seligman, loc. cit. p. 617.