INDEX Abdurrahman I., 32, 44 Abdurrahman II., 50, 51 Abou Bekr. See Askia Abou Bekr Abou Bekr of Wankore, teacher, 204-206 Abou el Hagen of Morocco, 75, 76, 127, 134 Abou Ishak or Toueidjen, 125, 126 Adouatein. See Spain and Africa, dual empire Africa — Cut off from Europe by Turkish possession of N. Coast, 294 Early civilisation, 10-13 European influence on interior and coast different, 344, 345 First settlements on coast line only, 320, 321 Inferior races always driven south, 316, 317 North Coast of Africa. See that title Slave trade. See that title Soudan. See that title Two great trade routes to interior, 223-226 West Coast of Africa. See that title Aghadez, 195, 201 Ahmed Baba, Soudan historian, 156, 204 Aiwalatin, 90, 93, 96,97, 130, 165, 175 Al Gazzali, 36 Al-Hazen, Arab optician, 36 Al Maimon, Arab astronomer, 35 Al Mansur, 51, 52 Alarcos, Battle of, 64 Alexander the Great, 94 Algebra, product of Arab civilisation, 35 Ali Folen, 191, 196, 211 Ali Ghajideni, reign of. See Bornu, 273-276 Almohades sect conquers Morocco and Spain, 58, 59 Almoravides, The — " Desert Kingdom, 107-112 Dual Empire, Spain and Morocco, 55, 56 Origin, 54 Lose Spain and Morocco, 59 Andalusia. See Spain Arabic numerals, 35 Arabs — Andalusian immigration, value of, 67-72 Early dealings with Negroland, 84-89 Great scientists, philosophers, historians, 35-40 Learning and achievements in medieval times, 32-49, 67-72 North Africa conquered by, 24-29 Ommeyades dynasty, 32-49 Spain conquered, 29-32 Armour used in Haussaland, 251 Artesian water, 118 Ash-shakandi epistle quoted, 60, 61 Askia Abou Bekr — Ascends Songhay throne, 181 Conquests, 190-198 Death, 211-212 Minister to Sonni Ali, 1 71-173 Pilgrimage to Mecca, 182-189 Reforms, 199-202 Audoghast, 90-93 ; sacked, 107 Avempace, Arab physician, 39 Averrhoes, Arab scholar, 36, 64, 65 Avicenna, Arab philosopher, 35, 36 Aztecs, practices similar to those of African blacks, 137-139 Bajazet, Sultan, 286, 287 Barbary, learning and splendour at Tunis, 73 501