152 A. W. Tucker and C. S. Myers.—A Contribution

Non-numerical characters}—One or two interesting points may be mentioned in connection with these data. The eyes of all the individuals measured are very dark brown, and in many cases there is a ring of pigment more or less complete around the iris. The eyes are as a rule large and among the Shilluks and Nubawi there are one or two cases of oblique axes. The distance between the two eyes is often considerable, and as the photographs show, this is more marked when the nose root is depressed.

The hair on the head is in all cases spiral and black, but the White Nile tribes are smoother faced than the western Bahr el G-hazal tribes. This comes out very clearly from the photographs.

The shape of the head from above and behind varies in different tribes, e.g., of the Shilluks and the Dinkas only 27’3 per cent, and 23*3 per cent, respectively have ellipsoid heads when viewed from above, while of the Nubawi and the Furawi 42-5 per cent, and 46*9 per cent, have that shape. The Dinkas have for the most part extremely ovoid heads.

The forehead varies considerably in prominence, in all of the tribes the proportion of markedly retreating and markedly prominent foreheads being approximately equal for the different tribes. The chin tends to be feeble among the Bertawi, the Shilluks, and the Dinkas, while the Furawi have a large percentage of moderate chins (67‘6 per cent.) and the four Hamagawi measured also have good chins. The Shilluks have by far the thickest lips, as many as 45 per cent, being classed as “negroid.” The Furawi on the other hand are comparatively thin-lipped, 17 per cent, being classed as negroid, 56 as thick, while 27 per cent, are “ medium.” The other tribes have thick lips, but not the extreme “ negroid ” form.

The skin colour varies from very dark brown, almost black, to a bright copper tinge, but these differences are found in one and the same tribe.

General Summary.

1. The tribes measured may be divided geographically into six groups:— (i) Tribes of the White Nile .(Nilotics), e.g., Dinkas, Shilluks, Jurs ; (ii) Tribes of Dar Nuba and Dar Fur, e.g., Nubawi, Tagalawi, Furawi, Karawi; (iii) Tribes of Dar Fertit and the S.W. Bahr el.Ghazal, e.g., Fertitawi, Digawi, Niam-niam ; (iv) Tribes of the S.E. Bahr el G-hazal, e.g., Morawi, Barawi, Gebelawi; (v) Tribes of the Blue Nile, e.g., Hamagawi, Bertawi, Burunawi; (vi) Tribes of Lake Chad, e.g., Bornawi, Fallati, Bagirmawi.

2. This geographical classification serves, on the whole, as a useful basis for deductions from anthropometric material.

1 The present material, drawn from regiments quartered at Khartum and Omdurman, is obviously unsuited to the study of tribal peculiarities of coiffure, dental extraction, cutaneous scarring and the like. Of the scars met with on the face, we may observe that some had been made “ against illness,” a few were declared to be the custom of the tribe, but the majority had been inflicted by Arab slave-masters of the past, the mark apparently varying with the tribe of the Arab slave-owner.