East Africa ] ZANZIBAR 49 Five years before this agreement the Sultan's re maining dominions had passed under the direct control of Great Britain .

(d) Zanzibar a British Protectorate ( 1890–1918 ) On July 1, 1890, an agreement was concluded be tween Great Britain and Germany of the most compre hensive character ,defining their spheres of influence in East , West, and South -west Africa. " · In East Africa Germany recognised a Protectorate by Great Britain over the dominions of the Sultan of Zanzibar, excluding the territory leased to Germany two years' previously (and subsequently sold to her out right ). She withdrew her own Protectorate over Witu and the adjoining coast up to Kismayu and other claims north of the River Tana in favour of Great Britain . In return Great Britain ceded Heligoland to Germany.

On August 5 , 1890 , Great Britain recognised the Protectorate by France over Madagascar and French influence in the whole of the Central Sahara in return for the French recognition of the British Protectorate over Zanzibar and Pemba (as soon as notified ), agreed to on the same day by a separate Declaration . On November 4, 1890 , the British Protectorate over Zanzibar was formally proclaimed .

In October 1891 the system of government was framed . A British representative became first Minis ter. Responsible officers were placed in charge of regular departments . A budget was drawn up , and no unauthorised expenditure could be incurred without the sanction of the First Minister and of Her Majesty's Agent and Consul-General. This form of Government remained unchanged until 1906 , when the Imperial Government assumed more control over both internal 1 See Appendix II.