112 [No. 98 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS tion of its people, both Arab and negroid, is the raising of cattle, sheep, and goats. Of late years much has been done by the Government to gain the confidence of the chief negroid cattle-owning tribes in order to carry out measures for controlling the movement of cattle and stamping out animal diseases . Already the native welcomes the veterinary inspector, and is learning to doctor his cattle himself . His reluctance to sell is also being gradually overcome as he realises the use of money. Theimprovement of stock by breeding and the export of chilled and frozen carcases to Europe are questions only of time and capital.

For the present, the Egyptian market provides a good opening for trade, and live-stock (pre-eminently sheep) forms one of the principal exports from the Sudanto Egypt. Over 20,000 cattle were sent thither, via Halfa and the Nile , in 1915 , and more than 87,000 sheep and goats. The total number of cattle exported between January and October 1919 amounted to 31.782 head, and of sheep to 151,712 head, as compared with 18,518 head of cattle and 101,597 head of sheep during the corresponding period in 1917 . In the province of Berber alone between 17,000 and 18,000 sheep are exported monthly from El Damer, the centre of the trade.

In ' the Bayuda desert immense flocks of sheep and goats are owned by the Hassania and other wandering Bedawi tribes. The Shilluk are consider able sheep -owners, but they seldom kill for meat . The natives purchase their wives with both sheep and cows, the latter especially being sought after. In Darfur the sheep carry little wool, but among the Zaghawa there is a species with long and curly hair , and the late Sultan , Ali Dinar, had large flocks of sheep of this description. The tribes of Kordofan are rich in the possession of sheep . In the south of this province there is a small, active breed which carries more meat in proportion to its size than the ordinary Arab breeds. Even the meanest of the village Arabs own small flocks of sheep and goats, as well as donkeys and some cattle.