428 THE NATIVE MANUSCRIPTS iv. d 7. cccxii.

'Omar Bakadi was presumably a relative of the men mentioned in paras CLXII and CCLXXVII.

cccxiv The author of D 7 is quite precise and consistent as to this administrative change. It seems from D 7 that after the conquest of the country a Governor-General {Hakimddr) was appointed with practically absolute powers. Subject to him were the Governors of Provinces. This system remained in force until the death of Ahmad Pasha in 1842, Khar-

toum and the Gezira forming a single province. Then (para, ccxcviii) the Sudan was divided into seven provinces, without (it is implied) any Governor-General.

Later in the year, according to D 7, came Menekli Pasha and attempted some reforms without much success. What these reforms were remains

vague, and Lepsius (see note to para, ccxcviii) throws little light on the matter. But in any case decentralization seems to have failed, and with the succession of Khalid Pasha in 1845 the Governor- Generalship was cer-

tainly revived. On this point there is no contradiction and Petherick, e.g.,

speaks of Khalid Pasha (1845-1850) as " Governor- General." There can also be little doubt that D 7 is correct in saying that Khalid Pasha's six successors were all Governor-Generals.

But in 1857 (says D 7) came Sa'id Pasha and appointed Arakil Bey, not Governor-General, but only " Governor of the whole of the Gezira of

Sennar and el Khartoum" {ji^iojji^\^ jl_i..w *j^>«*- ^^^--o-^ j^^^)\ ^•^• the other governors of provinces were independent of him. Arakil Bey's successors, Hasan Bey and Rasikh Bey, we are told, held the same position ;

but apparently it was a failure, as Musa Pasha was in 1863 made Governor-

General (see paras cccxix and cccxxi). If these facts are true they have generally been overlooked as Arakil Bey and his two successors always

appear in lists of " Governor-Generals of the Sudan." The fact that they alone were Beys (the usual rank of a provincial governor) while all the rest were Pashas lends strong support to the account given by D 7.

Petherick, in spite of his having called Khalid Pasha (i 845-1 850) "Governor-General," writes in 1859 as follows (see Upper Egypt..., p. 128): "The town of Khartoum contained two different administrations, one the Governor-Generalship, and the other the Local Authority of the province, with a population of about sixty thousand inhabitants. Since the visit of the present Viceroy to Khartoum in the year 1847, the

Governor-Generalship has been abolished, the governor of each province now communicating directly with the Minister of the Interior at

Cairo." The state of affairs described was no doubt true of 1859 (though it was altered in 1863 when Musa Pasha was given the Governor-General-

ship) ; but it seems that the provincial governors had not been independent since 1847 but only since 1857.

Arakil Bey was a brother of Nubar Pasha and a Christian Armenian. In 1 862 his body was disinterred and sent to Egypt (see Petherick, Travels. ..^ P- 77)-

For el Zubayr see note to cccxxiv.

cccxvi Other MSS. correctly give ''Hasan" for '' Husayn."