IV.D7.CCCXII. OF THE SUDAN 427
According to Lepsius, who writes in 1844 (January), Ahmad Pasha MenekH was "the new Governor of the Southern Provinces." Lepsius also says "On the sudden death, by poison, of Ahmed Pasha, the governor of the whole Sudan, at Chartum. . .the south is divided into five provinces, and placed under five pashas, who are to be installed by Ahmed Pasha Menekle" {Discoveries in Egypt..., pp. 133-135). ccc This el Arbab Muhammad Dafa'alla is the son of the el Arbab
Dafa'alla mentioned previously, and is the man mentioned by Werne as accompanying Ahmad Pasha's Kassala expedition in 1840. Werne calls him (p. 37) "Mohammed Defalla, a great Sheikh of the neighbourhood of Wollet-Medina. . .his relations of the old royal family have whole heaps
of such" {sc. armour as that he wore). Again Werne says (p. 76) " Defalla has already given many causes for suspecting his fidelity and both his own and father's names are too often connected with that of Nimr."
He is referred to as "our herculanean neighbour" and "our fat friend," His command consisted of 150 men (p. 78). He married Nasra, the sister
of Idn's walad 'Adlan (see Werne, p. 160).
cccii The ''mi?ies of Shaybun" were once famous. Russegger in 1838 (p. 200) says "The bed of every stream in the vicinity of Jebel Sheibun and Tira ... exhibits a gold-bearing alluvium." As a matter of fact Mr S. C. Dunn tells me that at Shaybun itself there was never any gold; but the people of Shaybun, the ShawAbna, used to get it from the north
side of Gebel Kinderma, a day's journey away. The Arabs thought the gold was from Shaybun itself.
Khalid Pasha was Governor-General when Petherick visited Khartoum.
He was "a veteran soldier of the Syrian and Arabian wars. . .by birth a Greek" (Petherick, Egypt..., p. 127).
cccv Rufa'a Bey and Bayumi Effendi were both members of the first educational congress held in Egypt in 1836 under the presidency
of Mukhtar Bey. A portrait of Rufa'a Bey is extant (see Zaydan, ii, 192-
193)- Hasan Khalifa and Husayn Khalifa were sons of the Khalifa mentioned in para. ccLiv.
" Mu'dwin of the Hakimddria " ^ Ndib Hakimddr = Assistant Governor- General.
"Sheikh el Mashdikh" or "Sheikh of Sheikhs" was a rank invented
by the Turks (see MacMichael, Tribes..., p. 33). 'Abd el Kadir's authority would be confined to the Gezira and north of Khartoum and would not
extend, e.g., to Kordofan (cp. paras cccxi and cccxii).
cccx "Garkas" or " Sharkas" = "Circassian."
By " 'Abd el Halim Pasha''' is meant Prince Halim Pasha, who visited the Sudan during Sa'id Pasha's viceroyalty of Egypt. Zaydan (ii, 202) says "In his [Sa'id Pasha's] days certain privileges (OljLjj:-*!) were conferred on the Sudan, and Prince Halim Pasha was appointed as its
Governor-General {'Hakimddr')." This is no doubt inaccurate.
CCCXII For Yasin* {i.e. Yasin Muhammad Dolib) see MacMichael {Tribes.... p. 33). He was a Dolabi of Khorsi, the grandfather of the feki Dardiri of D i .