Sudan: Egyptian and an integral part of Egypt By His Excellency Maymun Pasha Rushdi (1) - 1 -Sudan is the life of Egypt Sudan is life itself for Egypt because it is the source of the Nile. Egypt is the one that originally opened up Sudan and did not spare any sacrifice of men or money in this endeavor. This conquest began during the reign of Muhammad Ali and was completed during the reign of Ismail, who annexed the Great Lakes regions up to the sources of the Nile, Bahr el Ghazal, and the Equator, then the Red Sea coasts up to Cape Guardafui. He placed Uganda under Egyptian protection. He obtained from the Sublime Porte the administration of Suakin, Zeila, and their dependencies, and took for himself the title Khedive of Egypt and Lord of Nubia, Darfur, Kordofan, and Sennar. The Ottoman imperial firmans recognized Egypt's possession of these Sudanese regions, and the powers recognized these same firmans. In 1885, the Egyptian government, under pressure from the British government, evacuated most of these Sudanese regions. However, they left with the intention of returning to them and with a firm resolve to reoccupy them at the first suitable opportunity. This resolve is very clear from the official Egyptian documents. Sherif Pasha's ministry preferred to forgo the abandonment of Sudan, even if it was a temporary abandonment. On December 9, 1894, Riyad Pasha sent a memorandum to Sir Evelyn Baring, in which he said: (1) His Excellency published these two chapters on May 17, 1923, when the Constitution Committee was considering the project it was tasked with drafting, stating that the King of Egypt is the King of Egypt and Sudan.