- 62 -sufficiently capable and competent to earn their living from jobs and from private sources outside government service.

Agricultural Education Agricultural education was introduced in 1912, with 453 students compared to 356 in 1911. Directorate councils established agricultural schools known as "Western Schools" in Nag' Hady, Al-Miyata, and Amabeh. Agricultural sections with experimental fields were added to six battalions in the Eastern Directorate. Projects for other agricultural schools were also developed, with the department assisting either by providing funds, suggesting improvements and reforms, or drawing up plans of action. These included the Intermediate Agricultural School in Shin Al-Koom, which saw significant construction progress, and the Aziza School in Mansoura, along with similar schools in Al-Senta, Yellah in the Western Directorate, Abu Tig in the Assiut Directorate, and Al-Mazghoutha in the Giza Directorate. Primary agricultural education is progressing well, to the extent that there is a shortage of qualified teachers for its schools. This has caused some disruptions in the Western Schools. The number of students at the Intermediate Agricultural School in Mishtahar reached 84, and its facilities were expanded to accommodate the increasing number of applicants. The Agricultural School in Giza was officially upgraded to the level of higher colleges. Its current student body is 183, of whom twenty-three are preparing for diplomas in 1912. Two former students, who studied in England, were added to its teaching staff. One is a teacher of agriculture, and the other is an assistant in zoology and entomology. A new avenue for the school's advancement has been opened by establishing a botanical garden and dairy science facilities, and teaching students animal husbandry.

Industrial Education There are now 23 industrial schools with 317 students, compared to 21 schools and 253 students in 1911. The primary level of this education is similar to the education in industrial schools and workshops. Three of these are workshops: the Bulak Workshop, the Assiut Workshop, and the Mansoura School.