The absence of conditions for regularity in a new society paved the way for the severe form of plague inspections. However, special measures have now been taken to improve the general health and administrative services in that region. Regarding camels, the special plague inspection staff has been increased, which has led to improved measures taken in villages and faster and more accurate reporting of infections. Furthermore, a special department for plague research has been established, with its main office in Assiut, under the administration of Dr. Petrie, who gained extensive experience in plague committees in India and China.

47 - Health Defense What was expected to happen, based on the history of cholera outbreaks in the past and its course in the previous year, occurred. It appeared in Assiut and Abydos at the beginning of the summer of 1911, then rapidly spread to Romania, Bulgaria, northern Greece, the north, Russia, France, Malta, and Spain in Europe, and to Tripoli in Africa, and to Anatolia, Syria, and Palestine in Asia. It had already appeared in the Hejaz and Yemen, so the Egyptian territory was surrounded by countries contaminated with this disease. It was proven to the doctors of the Quarantine Board, through the observation and examination they conducted during the year, that a five-day quarantine for arrivals (including sea travel days), medical examination, and disinfection were not sufficient for prevention. Therefore, they took measures to examine all arrivals from contaminated towns extensively. They found five cholera cases and 19 people carrying its microbe in their intestines. At the end of the year, it was confirmed that the pilgrims were contaminated with cholera, as had happened in the previous year. Orders were issued for every pilgrim to be extensively examined before their return. Although the number of cholera cases in the Tor quarantine was high, none of the pilgrims caused cholera after arriving in Egyptian territory. The number of cholera cases and cholera carriers in the intestines that the Quarantine Board identified was 135 in 1911. The Egyptian territory was subjected to cholera attacks for two consecutive years. If it had entered, it would have caused great damage that would have been difficult to repair, testifying to the efficiency of the Quarantine Department and the success of the defense provided by Dr. Armand Roufner, who managed the quarantine in situations that were often fraught with difficulties and obstacles. In November and December 1911, an international conference was held in Paris to revise the laws.