Thus, the third Hijri century, the ninth Gregorian century, witnessed extensive Arab migrations to Sudan, which pushed them to enter those vast plains from the north, crossing the northern Nubian regions down to Lower Nubia, where the kingdom of Alwa was located, and spreading into the eastern regions of Sudan near the gold mines and the Red Sea coasts. These migrations were encouraged by the news they heard from traders about the vast pastures south of Nubia.

The treaty concluded between "Abdullah bin Al-Jahnam" and the chief of the Beja, "Kanon bin Abdul Aziz," opened the door for the arrival of Arab tribes to the Gezira region, where the Blue Nile meets the White Nile, and those vast, expansive lands. This treaty established permission for Muslims to travel and settle with complete freedom in those areas, reaching the southernmost regions. The mention of the existence of mosques in these areas is a definitive indication of the Arabization of these regions for a long time and the spread of Islam among the people of Sudan, given the large number of Arabs among them. From here, it helped spread Islam. Furthermore, the name Kanon bin Abdul Aziz, the chief of the Beja, is strong evidence that this chief was Arab or carried an Arab name. The fact that two Arabs, one from Jeddah and the other from Quraish, translated this treaty into the Beja language is vital evidence that Arabs lived in those lands for a long time, possibly exceeding three generations, enabling them to learn and master the Beja language. Additionally, the influx of Arabs in large numbers after Caliph Al-Mu'tasim dropped the "Rawash" for Arabs was one of the factors that encouraged Arabs to search southward for areas containing gold and emeralds in the land of the Beja, in addition to spreading Islam and calling to it among the inhabitants of those regions located between the Red Sea and the Nile.

Density of Arab Migration and Spread of Islam: The third Hijri century/ninth Gregorian century witnessed a large-scale Islamic migration movement southward, as the state's policy in Egypt did not pay much attention to...