The Nile, south of Omdurman, and the nineteenth century AD witnessed their great expansion into Kordofan and Darfur. These are the Ja'aliyyin Arab tribes, who trace their lineage to their great-grandfather, Ja'am. Also among the tribes that played a significant role in helping the Funj establish their state and assisting them in their wars was the Madiyat tribe, which also participated in the famous campaign led by the Funj against the Sultans of Taqali in southern Kordofan, where the expansion of Funj influence allowed them to move into those regions. In addition to the Butayhin tribe, which inhabits the northern Butana plain. The anti-Arab policy in Egypt was one of the strong reasons for the flourishing of the Arab-Islamic current in Sudan, as this current pushed large Arab waves towards Sudan, in addition to the eastern gate (the Red Sea) and the northwest gate of Libya (Tunisia). Not only that, but the Arab group that landed in Sudan during that era, to a large extent, formed the large and widespread Arab nucleus that resulted in most of the Arab groups existing today in Sudan, their movement originated from Upper Egypt. Similarly, the extensive migration that took place under the political, social, and political conditions had a great impact on the form and content of Sudan's Arab identity and its Arab-Islamic character, as these Arab tribes found a social, political, and economic environment with which they could adapt under all these circumstances. There is no doubt that the nature of this Arab migration greatly influenced Sudan's current Arab identity and its Arab and Islamic culture, because many Arab tribes merged with the local population, who belonged to multiple races, most notably the Hamitic people. At the same time, we find Arab groups that have preserved their racial and linguistic distinctiveness. 249