(A) The Umayyad Islamic Emirate, "Leadership of Shingir" The Third Hijri Century (255-268 AH) This Islamic emirate derives its name from the great Islamic mujahid, Abu Abd al-Rahman Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Hamid al-Umari, whose lineage traces back to the second Caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab. The name "al-Umari" was given in reference to Umar ibn al-Khattab. He was born in Medina, and we do not know the exact date of his birth. However, he arrived in Fustat, the Egyptian capital, in 241 AH / 856 CE, and he was not yet thirty years old at that time. His knowledge was rooted in the science of Hadith, and from here he began teaching Hadith in the mosque of Amr ibn al-As, which was considered the Islamic university in Egypt at that time. Students and scholars gathered around him, discussing important religious issues for which they found answers with al-Umari.

However, al-Umari decided to move his Islamic jihad to the city of Qayrawan, the Islamic capital in the Middle Maghreb. He traveled there to continue his jihad through knowledge and teaching. But after a period, he returned to Egypt to continue his jihad through thought, knowledge, and the pen.

But military circumstances arose in Egypt. The Beja, who inhabited the Eastern Desert adjacent to the Red Sea and close to the mineral sources in that region, launched a surprise attack on the people of Upper Egypt, reaching the city of Qus, as they were beginning the Eid prayer. This surprise raid was led by a one-eyed Beja man, and they inflicted great slaughter upon the Muslims and the worshippers, causing immense losses. They looted all the property and belongings they could, then returned to their lands from whence they came.

This heinous act against Muslims performing the Eid prayer provoked al-Umari, causing him to abandon his lessons and teaching and turn to...