*Chapter Five* The Sultanates and Islamic Emirates If the proliferation of Arab migration to Nubia and Northern Sudan, the state of anarchy that the region was in, the struggles of kings for power, and the invasions of the Sultans of Egypt led to the fall of the Christian Kingdom in Dongola in the 8th Hijri century, the 14th AD, and if this had opened the door wide for Arab tribes to flow south, they began to form their environments and tribal societies with a stable and permanent life. Arab quarters spread in Nubia and settled there after its kings were unable to defend its inhabitants. Thus, Makurra in Dongola fell, and the Kingdom of Alwa remained in the south, awaiting its inevitable fate. The Arab tribes united and consolidated after a period of approximately two centuries, forming an alliance and overthrowing the Christian Kingdom at the hands of this alliance in 1054 AD. From here, Sudan became politically, culturally, and spiritually an Islamic state, which the Islamic civilization helped to imprint with this spiritual character, and Sudan began to witness the leadership of Arab Islamic states.

However, it is scientifically established that before the fall of these two kingdoms, there were Islamic states that appeared in the region of Lower Nubia, Mariss, and Dongola, and they contributed effectively to enriching the Islamic and Arab-Islamic cultural movement. This is because the 3rd Hijri century, the 9th AD, witnessed the emergence of Islamic features in the land of Mariss, as a result of those Arab migrations that established their Islamic emirates with some speed after they extended their influence over that region of Northern Nubia.

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