The new one expressed by the Egyptian duty. I said that this mental image is new because the Egyptians were present for others for most of their time, as they were ruled by the Persian, Greek, Roman, Arab of the Arabian Peninsula, and Baghdad dynasties. Then the Mamluks, then the Ottomans. If we want to know the time during which men from among them might have ruled, we must move to the times that are in doubt before this vacuum. However, this Egyptian unity is still, to this day, a matter of growth from the outside, not from the inside (in the terminology of botanists). It is a branch from the point of Egypt to Europe, to which Nubar Pasha referred. Then Al-Mahdawi, who was a ruler in his time, said that Egypt is no longer part of Africa. Then it was born in minds from the history of rapid developments that had no parallel in history, by introducing Western cities into it through a Western hand foreign to it. And among the wonders of time and the wonders of political decisions is to say today about this nation, and even about those through whom this nation did most of its work, that they are the greatest obstacle to achieving the aspirations whose realization resulted from their work. I said that distinguishing between the multiple opinions circulating within the Egyptian social body is difficult. And when mentioning this, I warn researchers against haste in concluding and generalizing judgments in their observations, for they often forget that the Egyptian social fabric is divided into many sections according to different interests, opinions, and even classes, as we see in every European social body. Furthermore, the difficulty in knowing the truth of the Egyptians' inclinations, emotions, and aspirations is not as great as it is in India, where people are divided into distinct classes. This prevents interaction with Europeans for most of the population. However, there is no doubt that the difference in race, religion, language, morals, and customs from the Egyptians greatly affects many of these matters. I know many Europeans who have spent a long time in confusion, imagining that they understand something about the Egyptian opinion and future. They do not understand anything about the opinion, or rather, more than affirming the Egyptian social fabric that inhabits the large Egyptian cities where they interact and occupy them. I say this while not claiming that my knowledge of the Egyptians' opinions is certain. I have stayed in the East for a long time until it became clear to me that I cannot be certain of knowing the opinions of the East, which is a matter that must be settled. I do not blame myself for not settling on a definitive opinion, because I have encountered circumstances and situations that make it very difficult for a person to settle on an opinion. My purpose in all of the foregoing is to convince the reader of the difficulty of grasping the Egyptians' position and their future.