The kings of this state were the King (Al-Mujib bin Al-Manjalak), and this state was called the Blue State because its kings wore black caps with two long horns. This state lasted for two centuries, and then the state of the Maj came into being. The Fun (Funj) revolted against their masters and seized the kingdom from their hands. Their state was a marvel that the nations admired. They abolished the governors and granted each sheikh of a village or tribal chief absolute authority to rule his village or tribe as he pleased, on the condition that he paid the king whatever taxes he imposed on him each year. The people suffered from injustices and fines that could not be counted. Among these injustices was that a sheikh from the villages of Al-Maliyin arrested twenty men from his subjects on the pretext that they had insulted the king. When they were brought before him, he ordered them to be beaten until they produced an egg like a chicken's egg. He said, "If you do not produce an egg, I will cut off your necks." He then ordered their necks to be cut off because they had been beaten and did not produce an egg. Examples of these savage acts are numerous, and space does not permit their enumeration. The last king of this state was (Adlan bin Idris), whose story will be told later. His sword was named Al-Yaman, and it belonged to Prince Ismail Pasha bin Muhammad Pasha. Before concluding, here is a story about King Adlan bin Idris: he used to drink during the day in Ramadan. He had a concubine named (Namzaynah). When he sat in his council with people around him, he would call her and ask her, "Has the sun set?" She would reply, "Your sun has set, and the sun of your subjects has set." He would then take a cup with her and drink it. This saying proved true for him, and the sun of his kingdom set. Eternity belongs to God.

The Annexation of Sudan to Egypt When the inhabitant of the sky, Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Ottoman ruler of Egypt, conquered...