and silver. The Bedouin are characterized by courage, simplicity, and a love for generosity and loyalty. Ibn al-Senussi nurtured these aspects in them, providing hospitality in the zawiyas and an open field for bravery in the campaigns. Among the people of Cyrenaica, rich and beautiful poetry flourished, which was presented in the zawiyas and developed alongside the progress of the religious movement among them. This progress was noted by several poets of the Senussi order. Ibn al-Senussi also benefited from the Bedouin's knowledge of the desert and its routes in spreading the call to Islam. The tribes of Cyrenaica, especially those inhabiting the southern oases like Zawiya al-Kufra, contributed to spreading Islam among the pagans of Africa and establishing Senussi zawiyas among them, which will be discussed later. Thus, Ibn al-Senussi understood the land in which he worked and succeeded in cultivating good results from it. How did the spread occur in Cyrenaica? After Ibn al-Senussi founded Zawiya al-Bayda, the mother of all zawiyas in Cyrenaica, in the year [year missing]. He set an example for the tribes regarding the benefit of zawiyas for them, so they came to him requesting the establishment of other zawiyas, each tribe in its own region. Pritchard spoke of the mechanism of this, saying: "A zawiya is often established in a uniform way, where one tribe, looking with envy at the existence of a zawiya in a neighboring qasr, sends delegates to the head of the order to ask him to send a shaykh to teach their children, oversee their religious affairs, and settle their disputes. The head of the order then sends a shaykh from the learned brothers, accompanied by one or two brothers, and they begin with the people of the qasr to establish the zawiya." We see that the motive that makes a qasr request the establishment of a zawiya is that it has felt... [text cut off]