to be from the side of the masters, because masters do not oppose each other. So it remains that it is from the estimation of the second. If this is established and settled, then the partner is negated.

This is a proof of the oneness that the theologians used to argue for unity, and it is based on a fundamental idea that, as expressed by Qadi Abd al-Jabbar, "each of the capable ones does what prevents his companion."

Even if the style of its presentation differs, and Ibn Tumart's presentation can be considered interesting, the part that was recently mentioned in the proof, which is the statement that the impossibility that the three cases led to is due to the necessary estimation of a partner, and what leads to impossibility is impossible.

Al-Mahdi. But its commentator, Az ma yutlab, attributed it to him.

And its wording is as follows: If God had a partner, he would not be without: either he would be like him, or different from him, or his opposite.

He cannot be his opposite, because opposites cannot coexist. And because opposites require a place, and it is impossible for the eternal to be in need of something other than itself, for if it were in need of something other than itself, it would be created, and the created cannot be a doer, and the proof for this has been established.

And it cannot be different from him, because it would then necessitate that one of them is eternal and the other is created, and one of them is in need and the other is not in need, and one of them acts and the other does not act.

See: Sharh Az ma yutlab or by an unknown author: (70) Qadi Abd (71) Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa: al-Jabbar.

See the presentation of this proof in: Imam al-Haramayn, al-Shamil: (72) Qadi Abd, Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa: al-Jabbar.

Al-Razi, al-Muhassal: 8 Al-Iji, al-Mawaqif: 193.

And see a critique of it in: Ibn Rushd, Manahij al-Adillah: 344/ And al-Shahrastani, Nihayat al-Iqdam: 152.

The like is the equal in (73) essential characteristics, and difference is contrary to them. And the opposite is that which it is impossible for it to coexist with its opposite in one place.