The first sheds light on the inequalities resulting from a feudal system based on serfs whose livelihood was...

...fragmented the unity of government; and this method helped facilitate external aggressions. It also presents us with the mistakes made by the Turks, which harmed their relations with the Sudanese people, and harmed the efforts made by this people to raise the status of their country. In some parts of the book, it presents elements of the history of the Sudanese people for the Turks. The evaluation of what the Turks wrote about their history is based on these elements, as their writings were not characterized by neutrality, but rather often reflected their biases and prejudices at the expense of the truth, without any concern for the accuracy of their writings to satisfy the...

...authorities.

The book also clarifies that the Turks established the system of guardianship from the beginning. The people retained their laws, traditions, and officials, and the officials retained their titles. Sudan retained the Nazir as the head of local administration, and they were not...

...of course, officials in the literal sense of the word, but rather they held the title, and this was sufficient in the eyes of the people, as they felt nothing had changed from the old era. As for foreigners, whether they were of the same race or of a less white race, they were placed under the rule of the Turks. The Pasha was appointed by the Sultan of Turkey and had supreme authority in administrative matters. Alongside him was a senior official responsible for financial affairs, who was also appointed by the Turkish government. This official was called the "Amin" and was not responsible to the Pasha, but rather to the Sultan.

The "Amin" was responsible for taxes and the general expenditures of the occupation army. The army officers, regardless of their rank, were appointed directly from Turkey. This system could have lasted if communication methods were easier and faster. However, it was...