32 THE NUBIANS, THE NIJBA i. 2. xxxix.

between Tripolitana and Phazania (Fezzan); and the Southern Dazas, through whom the Tibu merge gradually in the negroid populations of [the] central Sudan. This intermingling with the blacks dates from remote times, whence Ptolemy's remark that the Garamantes seemed rather more "Ethiopians" than Libyans The full-blood Tibus...are true Hamites.

XL The accounts given by Herodotus, Ptolemy and Pomponius Mela- give an impression of the Garamantes as a nomad race extending from north of Fezzan as far south as Nubia.

Herodotus says : "The Garamantians have four-horse chariots in which they chase the Troglodyte Ethiopians," and Ptolemy "Some very great races inhabit Labya, namely that of the Garamantes which extends from the sources of the river Bagrada as far as the lake of Nuba,"...&c.4 XLI Again, more than a millennium later,we have Leo (fl. 1 5 1 3-1 5) saying: Nubia... is enclosed on the south side with the desert of Goran. The king of Nubia maintaineth continuall warre partly against the people of Goran (who being descended of the people called Zingani inhabite the deserts and speaks a kinde of language that no other nation vnderstandeth) and partly against certain other people... {i.e. the "Bugiha" or Bega').

XLII On the strength of these quotations alone, one would, I think, be justified in assuming that, just as for many years before the Christian era there had been contact and fusion between the dark Nubians and the Libyan races descended from the Temehu in the country between Dongola and Darfur, so, too, in the Christian period there was similar contact between the Nuba (Nobatae) and the TiBBU in that region.

Man: Past and Present, p. 474. The latest anthropological researches in no way clash with Keane's view. MM. Gaillard and Poutrin, authors of tude anthropologique des populations des regions du Tchad et du Kaneni, agree that they are largely Berbers, and measurements shewed that they "belong to a physical type closely resembling the Nigritians of the Sahara" (Review in Man, March 1915). Carette (Joe. cit. p. 312) also says that the Tibbu and Tuwarek are by origin Lamta Berbers. Nachtigal regarded them as a "population intermediate between the indigenous peoples of North Africa and the Negroes of the Sudan " (Vol. n of Sah. und Sudan, quoted by Carbou, I, 120).

- De Situ Orbis, ch. iv. Bk. iv, chaps. 174, 183.

* Bk. IV, p. 742. Kal ixiyiffTa ficv idvn) Karavifitrai Tr)v Aivrtu to re twv FapafiavTwv oirjKov aTrh tCjv tov Ba-ydSa iroTafxov wrtydv fiexpi-Trjs Noy/3a \lnv7]S...Kai ' n, 836. For the Zingani see p. 56. Marmol's version of the passage quoted is: " Le prince [i.e. of Dongola] a guerre ordinairement tantost contre ceux de Gorhan, qui est une espce d'Egyptiens qui courent par les deserts et parlent un langage particulier, tantost contre les peuples qui demeurent au Levant du Nil dans le desert" (trans. Perrot, III, 71 ff.). Marmol flourished about 1520.

' Leo's original is "una generazione di zingani" (see Carbou, i, 118).

' For further remarks on the Iura'an of the present day see Chap. 4 of this Part»