III. 3. XXII. THE GUHAYNA GROUP 297 each is subdivided into very numerous subsections, which again contain many alien elements, such as Fellata and Bulala.

Beni RAshid and ZlUD. The Beni Rashid and Ziud are very closely connected and the latter should really be reckoned a branch of the former. In practically every Bakkara "nisba" the ancestor of the ZitJD appears as a descendant of Rashid.

At the present day the two tribes live together in Bornu and Wadai, A few are camel-owning nomads in the north: these (ZiCd) were referred to by Nachtigal as " de race arabe legerement melee de sang noir*." But the great majority are Bakkara. Now one of the three main divisions of the Beni Rashid in Wadai is the Zebada, a term used to include within its scope the ZiUD, and el Tunisi, who met these Zebada in western Wadai at the beginning of the nineteenth century, was assured by their "'akid'' that they were of Yemenite origin and "derived their name from Zebid, a town of el Yemen, and that they were descended from the Himjarites'."

This and the closeness of the bond existing between the Ziud and the Beni Rashid (or Rowashda, as they are often called) at once connect the whole group with the Zebaydia-Rashaida community of the eastern Sudan. The word " Rashaida " is simply a variant plural of Rashid and, like "Rowashda," is the exact equivalent of "Beni Rashid." But whereas the Beni Rashid and Ziud have been for centuries in the western Sudan and are mostly Bakkara, the Rashaida and Zebaydi'a in the east are recent immigrants and entirely concerned with camels.

The same group occurs again in Sinai, where in 19 15, among the seven sections of Sowarka inhabiting the north-east extremity of Cp. Carbou, ii, 51 ff., and i, 18.

2 Ibid. II, 86-89.

A fraction of the Awlad Rashid are also incorporated among the Mahamid Um Gellul in Darfur (see later).

* Voy. au Ouadai, p. 16. Carbou {loc. cit.) speaks of the Awlad Rashid of Bornu as a "fraction des Djo'ama" {i.e. Gawama'a), but the statement sounds rather curious.

Carbou, loc. cit. The other two main divisions in Wadai are given as " Hamida " [Ahamda?] and " Azid." In Bornu they are divided into " Hemediya" and " Sawarima." Nachtigal {Voy. au Ouadai, p. 72) treats the Zebada as a distinct tribe and says: "lis rassemblent beaucoup aux Oulad Rachid, sont k peine cuivres, bien bStis mais fort peu civilises el tres pillards."

* The title " 'Akid el Zebada" survived in Wadai until the French occupation as that of one of the important functionaries of the Sultanate.

' El Tunisi, Voy. au Ouaday, p. 250. He gives the Arabic spelling as Sjuj. Zebfd is "a large trading port nearly opposite to Masuah" [Massowa] (Bruce, Vol. Ill, Bk. Ill, p. 184).

* See Chap. 13 in this Part.

* Cp. the case of the " Beni Mansur," called " Manasfr," on the river and "Manasra" in Darfur and Kordofan (see Chap, i (d) above).