II.2.XLII. AND THE INVASION OF DONGOLA 185

trouble re-established himself in his old position. He also put to

death Daud's nephew^ and Gurays, and wrote to Kalaun offering to pay the tribute that had been assessed and to give no trouble. Kalaun, having other and more important matters to deal with, was in no

position to refuse, and the same year he died.

Shamamun was consequently left undisturbed for a time. One

gathers, however^, that he soon began to give trouble again, and that

a certain lesser mek called Any also revolted. Whether a separate

expedition was sent against each or whether the same one dealt with both is not clear owing to the fragmentary state of the only manu-

script. The latter is far more probable. In any case Any escaped, two days before the arrival of the troops, to the stronghold of the

'Anag, which was very likely Gebel el Haraza^, and Shamamun was

replaced by a king called Boudemma, who had previously been in

prison in Egypt.

The latter of these two events seems to have occurred in the reign

of Kalaun's immediate successor, that is, between 1290 and 1293*, and the veteran 'Izz el Din el Afram, the leader of the expedition of

1276, was the amir sent to carry out the investiture.

'Izz el Dm also pushed southwards a distance of 33 marches^ beyond Dongola, evidently with the intention of meeting the mek of Kabushia district [Quatremere's '* roi des Portes"], who was probably Any's overlord. But the mek failed to put in an appearance and wrote later to 'Izz el Din pleading as his excuse that he had been away pursuing Any. He also mentioned that the 'Anag country had been lately invaded by some alien tribe, but that he proposed trying

every means to eject the intruders, and that if he succeeded all the country of the blacks would be subject to the Sultan.

On his return from Kabushia 'Izz el Din received the oath of

allegiance from Boudemma and the priests at Dongola and returned

to Egypt. He left behind him a guard of infantry for the new king and a large supply of corn^.

^ Ibn Khaldun, "Daud" {loc. cit.).

^ See Hist. Kalaun, ap. Quatremere.

3 See MacMichael, Tribes of N. and C. Kordofan, pp. 87 ff. The difficulties of water transport which prevented the troops pursuing him shew that he fled inland from the river. The prevalence of local traditions to the effect that el Haraza was a stronghold of the 'Anag support the theory that it was there Any took refuge.

* See Hist. Kalaun, loc. cit. 'Izz el Din, on his return, reported results to " El Melik el Ashraf." The latter, whose full name was El Melik el Ashraf Salah el Dfn Khalil, was Kalaun's son and successor (Lane-Poole, p. 284).

* Assuming he travelled fairly hard this would bring him to Kabushia, which was normally, as we have lately seen, iS days' journey (i.e. 36 marches) from Dongola.

* The History of Kalaun carries us no further.