APP.] BY BERBER TRIBES 153

treaty. In spite of subsequent reverses at the hands of the Mamluks their power was not broken finally till 1813, when Ibrahim Pasha inflicted upon them a crushing defeat^.

These Howara are represented in the Sudan by two quite distinct

groups, namely, the nomad HAwAwfR of Dongola and the Howara, or

Gellaba Howara, who have colonies in Kordofan and Darfur^.

Of the other Berber tribes there are fewer representatives in the Sudan, but we shall see that on the Blue Nile there is a tribe of "Mogharba" who are of distinct Berber-Arab ancestry 2, and that in northern Darfur and farther west the ancient Berber strain is strongly marked. If Ibn Khaldun^ is to be believed, as Barth thinks he is, it was the branch of Howara who returned westwards that gave their name in the perverted form of HoGAR to the all-powerful Tuwarek tribe generally known as AzkAr, the owners of all the country round Ghat.

^ Burckhardt, App. iii, 531-533; cp. Hamilton, p. 257.

^ For these see Chapter 8 in Part III.

' Note, too, the "Zenara" who occur among the Bedayria and the Hawazma

iq.v. Part III), and the occurrence of such names as Gebel el Zenati and Khor Nakhnukha (a Berber name) in central Kordofan, north of Bara, in the Khayran.

* Ed. de Slane, Vol. i, 275, ap. Barth, Vol. i, Ch. x, p. 228.