On May 25, 1969, a group of young officers who called themselves the Free Officers Movement seized power in Sudan, ushering in the era of the military. This era began with a leftist alliance led by the communists, but the situation quickly changed, and the communists were expelled from power in a terrible coup that destroyed the Communist Party's strength and capabilities, which it still suffers from to this day.

5. The Uprising (1985-1989) The Third Civilian Government (4 years) The people revolted in a revolution in April 1985, after which Sadiq al-Mahdi formed a coalition government comprising the Umma Party, the Democratic Unionist Party, the National Islamic Front, and southern parties. Unfortunately, Sadiq proved to be a weak leader, incapable of governing Sudan. The National Islamic Front quickly turned against the government in a military coup led by al-Bashir.

6. Al-Bashir's Government (1989-2019) The Third Military Government (30 years) In 1989, the National Islamic Front carried out a military coup under the name "National Salvation Revolution." At the beginning of the coup, the political orientation of the coup leaders was not known. Then, the National Islamic Front, led by Hassan Abdullah al-Turabi, emerged from behind the scenes. As a result of the new Sudanese government's policies, its foreign relations deteriorated. Sudan was boycotted, and aid was suspended by the United States of America. Sudan was included in the list of states sponsoring terrorism and was subjected to American cruise missile attacks in August 1998. Al-Bashir ruled for 30 years until he was overthrown on April 11, 2019, after widespread protests across the country. The army, under pressure from the street, removed al-Bashir from power.

7. The Transitional Period (April 2019 – October 2021) (Civil-Military Partnership Government) (2 years) After a large wave of public protests against al-Bashir's thirty-year rule, the army carried out a military coup on April 11, 2019, removing al-Bashir from power. The armed forces issued a statement announcing al-Bashir's arrest and the formation of a transitional military council led by Burhan and Hemedti. Civilian forces entered into negotiations with this council, which led to the formation of a partnership in government between civilians and the military according to the constitutional document. A limited transitional government was formed, characterized by tensions between the army and the civilians. In reality, however, power was in the hands of the army, with only a symbolic presence of civilians. Therefore, we cannot describe this period as civilian rule. In any case, the crisis between the partners escalated. On October 25, 2021, the Sudanese army, led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, seized control of the government in a military coup and imprisoned its civilian partners.

8. Burhan's Coup (October 25, 2021 – Present) (The Fourth Military Government) On October 25, 2021, the Sudanese army, led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, seized control of the government in a military coup. At least five senior government officials were initially detained. Civilian Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok refused to announce his allegiance to the coup and called for popular resistance on October 25. He was transferred to house arrest on October 26. Matters are still...