Ibn Khaldun: Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun, Vol. 1 (Dar al-Bayan) (no date) Ahmad Amin: Dhuhr al-Islam, Vol. 2, 4th ed. (Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahda al-Misriyya) Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi: Wa Yas'alunaka 'an al-Mahdiyya (Beirut: Dar al-Qadaya) Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi: Mustaqbal al-Islam fi al-Sudan, 1st ed. (Madina Press Foundation) Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi: Idiyolojiyat al-Mahdiyya fi Dirasat fi Tarikh al-Mahdiyya, Vol. 1, prepared for publication by Dr. Omar Abd al-Razzaq al-Nuqr, Publications of the History Department, University of Khartoum. These research papers were presented at the World Conference on the History of the Mahdiyya, Khartoum, November 1989.

Al-Mahdiyya: Mahdiyya Publications, edited by Mahmal Ibrahim Abu Salim.

Al-Mahdi, al-Imam: Publications, Vol. 2, 3rd ed. (Khartoum: Department of Central Records, Ministry of Interior) July 1991.

Al-Tayyib Muhammad al-Tayyib: Al-Masid, 1st ed. (Khartoum: Dar Jami'at al-Khartoum lil-Nashr) 1991.

Abul Hasan Ali al-Hasani al-Nadwi: Mudhakirat Saih fi al-Sharq al-Arabi, 1st ed. (Maktabat Wahba) Al-Kalabadhi, Abu Bakr Muhammad: Al-Ta'arruf li Madhhab al-Tasawwuf, verified by Abd al-Halim Mahmud and Taha Abd al-Baqi Surur (Cairo: Al-Babi al-Halabi) Bashir Muhammad Said: Khabaya wa Asrar fi al-Siyasa al-Sudaniyya, 1st ed. (Khartoum: Dar Jami'at al-Khartoum lil-Nashr) 1991.

Babikr Badri: Tarikh Hayati, Vol. 3 (no date) Holt, P.M.: The Mahdist State in the Sudan, the reign of Khalifa Abdallahi, translated by Henry Riaz and others (Beirut: Dar al-Jil and Maktabat Khalifa Attia) (no date) Taj al-Sir Haran: Fikrat al-Mahdiyya 'ind al-Shi'a al-Ithna 'Ashariyya fi Dirasat fi Tarikh al-Mahdiyya