THE SECOND NUBAR PASHA MINISTRY. 365 got to be done, they were convinced they could do it best by themselves. Whether they were right or wrong in this conception of their duty, it is very hard to determine. This much, however, is certain, that the conception was utterly incompatible with Nubar's idea that the British officials should act, as supervisors rather than as administrators. I have endeavoured to explain this fundamental divergence of view between Nubar and the British authorities in Egypt, because it explains the complications which arose subsequently, and because it also shows that the responsibility for these complications rests rather with general causes than with individuals.

Nubar Pasha had only been in office a few weeks when the antagonism between his views and those of the British officials made itself manifest in an acute form. Early in Nubar's Premiership, Mr. Clifford Lloyd was appointed Under-Secretary of the Ministry of the Interior in Egypt. The appointment illustrates one of the many difficulties inherent in the system under which a nominally independent State is really administered by the Government of a foreign country.

Mr. Clifford Lloyd had been the right-hand man of the late Mr. W. E. Forster, as Secretary of State for Ireland, during the critical period which preceded the Phoenix Park assassinations. Whether justly, or unjustly, the Gladstone Ministry had decided that Mr. Lloyd had better be removed from Ireland, owing to the intensity of the ill-will he had acquired in the discharge of his duties. At the same